Magnetic Orientation


Issues

Land Ocean

Whales

Problems of study

Strandings (Kirschvink et al., 1986)

Migration (Walker et al., 1992) Distant migrations (Stone et al., 1987)


Magnetite

1-100 ng

Industrial pollutant

Hard to detect


Fish

Yellowfin tuna (Walker et al., 1985)


Birds

(Wiltschko & Wiltschko, 1996)

Geomagnetic field of earth reliable

Inclination compass

Magnetic compass in many avian species

Cross equator migrants

--Fig--

Non-migrating birds

Maps?

Pigeons (Gould, 1980)

Magnetics and vision

--Fig--

Magnetics as backup for cloudy days

--Fig--

Magnetic anomalies

--Fig--


Butterflies (Jones & MacFadden, 1982, 1985)

Monarchs

--Fig--


Bees (Towne & Gould, 1985)

Residual misdirection

--Fig--

Honeycomb alignment Timing errors


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