Chapter Seven / Four Contingencies / Reinforcers and Punishers
Positive and Negative / Avoidance/Escape / Shuttle Box
Avoidance Paradox / Two-Factor Theory / Two-Factor Theory
Support for Two-Factor Theory / Problems with Two-Factor Theory / Extinction in Avoidance Behaviour
One-Factor Theory / Sidman Avoidance Task / Herrnstein & Hineline
One-Factor Theory and Avoidance Extinction / Cognitive Theory / Flooding
Explanations of Flooding / Flooding as Behaviour Therapy / Learned Helplessness
Situation / Maier & Seligman (1976) / Learned Helplessness in Humans
Three Dimensions / Therapy / Other Effects of Uncontrollable Shock
Predictability of Shock / Punishment / Is Punishment the Opposite of Reinforcement?
Factors in Punishment / Disadvantages of Using Punishment / Negative Punishment